Îá°®³Ô¹Ï

The overarching theme of my work is trying to understand how the large-scale networks present in human cortex are organised, and how this organisation gives rise to complex behaviour, like understanding meaning. My recent research has focused on exploring how we store conceptual and semantic information in memory, and how we retrieve relevant aspects of that information to guide our behaviour in a given context or goal. I examine these issues from the perspective of the Controlled Semantic Cognition (CSC) Framework and hemispheric differences using tools like fMRI (resting-state, task-based and DTI), TMS and behavioural paradigms.

Room 367

Brigantia Building

Penrallt Road

Bangor

LL57 2DG

Ìý

Email: t.gonzalezalam@bangor.ac.uk

Telephone: 01248 383514

Websites:

• PhD: PhD in Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging
  2020
• MSc: Clinical Neuropsychology
  National Autonomous University of Mexico, 2011
• BSc: Psychology
  Anahuac Mayab University, 2005

In my future research, I am interested in exploring whether these different interactions of control, memory and perceptual systems across the hemispheres can help explain complex semantic processes that involve processing multiple meanings simultaneously, like jokes, metaphors and non-literal language, or semantic processes that involve processing meaning over temporally-extended periods, like discourse comprehension or identifying and staying on topics. I will do this using a range of neuroimaging techniques mostly focused on fMRI (task-based, multivariate methods, resting-state, DTI), as well as TMS and studying patients with acquired or developmental deficits in using complex semantics.

Projects

• How does the interplay of multiple meanings evolve during metaphor and humour comprehension? In order to successfully comprehend metaphors or jokes based on double-meaning, both senses of a polysemic concept must interact. The CSC has provided a body of evidence explaining how we process a single unit of meaning, one at a time, in a given context, but not the interaction between multiple senses to sustain these complex semantic phenomena. This strand of my research will use multivariate fMRI methods (MVPA, RSA) combined with our understanding of the brain systems involved in processing meaning to characterise how two senses of ambiguous words evolve and interact in regions involved in storing semantic representations and their controlled retrieval in the different stages involved in understanding jokes and metaphors.
• Understanding how people understand when people don’t mean what they say. Pragmatic phenomena like indirect requests and non-literal language (sarcasm and verbal irony) have in common that the interlocutor must take into account extralinguistic and discursive cues to not interpret an utterance in a literal way, but to trigger an interpretation that incorporates external information instead. Although the CSC has provided ample evidence of how the semantic cognition system adjusts semantic retrieval to our current context and goals, there is sparse work examining how this system interfaces with other systems to detect these cues and engage other relevant neural mechanisms (like those that allow us to check the state of the world, or understand other people’s minds) to aid interpretation of non-literal language. This strand will examine these questions using naturalistic paradigms involving indirect requests, sarcasm and verbal irony. We will examine individual differences in individuals’ ability to employ these devices, as well as pre-post designs in conjunction with training programmes. This will allow us to track participants’ neural responses to non-literal relative to literal language, and document the shifts in connectivity and activation that accompany the development of proficiency in these devices.
• Semantic cognition in discourse comprehension: it’s about time. Our understanding of how the sentence context in which we find words influences the retrieval of specific aspects of meaning of said words has evolved rapidly in recent years within the CSC framework. We know much less, however, about how temporally-extended contexts or events colour the retrieval of meaning in discourse comprehension from this perspective. When we read a novel, for example, information that we learned days or months’ before reading a given paragraph biases the conceptual retrieval of items in that paragraph (but not in contexts outside the story). This strand of research will use naturalistic stimuli (written stories, movies) in combination with fMRI multivariate, task-based and connectivity methods to understand how semantic control mechanisms track the bias of meaning within storytelling, and how they segment and separate contexts in which meaning must be biased in a particular way and those where this bias must not apply. These same methods will be applied to the study of topicality (how do we accumulate evidence to establish the topic of a conversation or story and track what is on- and what is off-topic.

Self-funded (inc. agency-funded) projects:

Tirso welcomes informal enquiries from prospective PhD students interested in projects related to semantic cognition, the neural bases of complex language and semantics (non-literal language, humour, discourse comprehension), brain anatomy and connectivity, hemispheric differences / lateralisation of functions, social cognition, and/or language impairments following stroke. Please submit a draft research proposal (1-2 pages) to the above email address.

Funded/Studentships:

Studentship opportunities within the schol can be found atÌý/studentfinance/postgraduate/funding#psychologyÌý

2025

• E-pub ahead of print
  Gonzalez Alam, T. R. J., Krieger-Redwood, K., Varga, D., Gao, Z., Horner, A. J., Hartley, T., Thiebaut de Schotten, M., Sliwinska, M., Pitcher, D., Margulies, D. S., Smallwood, J. & Jefferies, E., 22 Jan 2025, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Elife. 13
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
• Published
  Krieger-Redwood, K. M., Lanzoni, L., Gonzalez Alam, T. R., Jackson, R. L., Smallwood, J. & Jefferies, E., 20 Feb 2025, In: Imaging Neuroscience. 3
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
• Published
  Wallace, R. S., Mckeown, B., Goodall-Halliwell, I., Chitiz, L., Forest, P., Karapanagiotidis, T., Mulholland, B., Turnbull, A., Vanderwal, T., Hardikar, S., Gonzalez Alam, T. R. J., Bernhardt, B. C., Wang, H.-T., Strawson, W., Milham, M., Xu, T., Margulies, D. S., Poerio, G. L., Jefferies, E. & Skipper, J. I. & 3 others, Wammes, J. D., Leech, R. & Smallwood, J., 6 Mar 2025, (Elife).
  Research output: Working paper › Preprint
• E-pub ahead of print
  Mckeown, B., Goodall-Halliwell, I., Wallace, R., Chitiz, L., Mulholland, B., Karapanagiotidis, T., Hardikar, S., Strawson, W., Turnbull, A., Vanderwal, T., Ho, N., Wang, H.-T., Xu, T., Milham, M., Wang, X., Zhang, M., Gonzalez Alam, T. R., Vos de Wael, R., Bernhardt, B. & Margulies, D. & 4 others, Wammes, J., Jefferies, E., Leech, R. & Smallwood, J., 22 Jan 2025, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Communications Psychology. 3, 1, p. 8
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
• E-pub ahead of print
  Marin-Marin, L., Eisenhauer, S., Gonzalez Alam, T. R., Margulies, D. S., Smallwood, J. & Jefferies, E., 30 Apr 2025, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Journal of Neuroscience. e1876242025.
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2024

• Published
  Souter, N. E., de Freitas, A., Zhang, M., Shao, X., del Jesus Gonzalez Alam, T. R., Engen, H., Smallwood, J., Krieger-Redwood, K. & Jefferies, E., 8 May 2024, In: Human Brain Mapping. 45, 7, p. e26703 e26703.
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
• Published
  Krieger-Redwood, K., Wang, X., Souter, N., Gonzalez Alam, T., Smallwood, J., Jackson, R. L. & Jefferies, E., 1 Apr 2024, In: Brain and Language. 251, 105402.
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
• Published
  Eisenhauer, S., Gonzalez Alam, T., Cornelissen, P. L., Smallwood, J. & Jefferies, E., 2 Feb 2024, In: Human Brain Mapping. 45, 2, p. e26607 e26607.
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2023

• Published
  Gonzalez Alam, T. R. J., Cruz Arias, J., Jefferies, E., Smallwood, J., Leemans, A. & Marino Davolos, J., 9 Dec 2023, In: Brain Structure and Function. 229, p. 207-221
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
• Published
  Gonzalez Alam, T. R., Krieger-Redwood, K., Varga, D., Gao, Z., Horner, A., Hartley, T., Thiebaut de Schotten, M., Sliwinska, M. W., Pitcher, D., Margulies, D. S., Smallwood, J. & Jefferies, E., 17 Apr 2023, (Elife).
  Research output: Working paper › Discussion paper

2022

• Published
  Gonzalez Alam, T., Jefferies, B., McKeown, B., Gao, Z., Smallwood, J., Bernhardt, B. C., Vos de Wael, R. & Margulies, D. S., 2022, In: Brain Structure and Function. 227, p. 623-654 32 p.
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2021

• Published
  Gonzalez Alam, T., Krieger-Redwood, K. M., Evans, M., Rice, G. E., Smallwood, J. & Jefferies, B., 1 Jan 2021, In: Cortex. 134, p. 76-91 16 p.
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2020

• Published
  Evans, M., Krieger-Redwood, K. M., Gonzalez Alam, T., Smallwood, J. & Jefferies, B., 1 Aug 2020, In: Cortex. 129, p. 356-375 20 p.
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2019

• Published
  Gonzalez Alam, T. R. D. J., Karapanagiotidis, T., Smallwood, J. & Jefferies, E., 15 Nov 2019, In: Neuroimage. 202, 116089.
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
• Published
  Teige, C., Cornelissen, P. L., Mollo, G., Gonzalez Alam, T. R. D. J., McCarty, K., Smallwood, J. & Jefferies, E., 1 Nov 2019, In: Cortex. 120, p. 308-325 18 p.
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2018

• Published
  Gonzalez Alam, T. R. D. J., Murphy, C. E., Smallwood, J. & Jefferies, E. A., 1 Nov 2018, In: Neuroimage. 181, p. 108-119 12 p.
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
• Published
  Wang, X., Bernhardt, B. C., Karapanagiotidis, T., De Caso, I., Gonzalez Alam, T. R. D. J., Cotter, Z. P. A., Smallwood, J. & Jefferies, E. A., 18 Jul 2018, In: Neuroimage.
  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2025

• Free Paper Talk: "Tracing the pathways of meaning: Deterministic tractography reveals systematic connectivity to whole-brain gradients from the anterior temporal lobes"

  1 May 2025

  Links:

  Activity: Participation in Academic conference (Speaker)

• Free paper talk delivered at the BNS Spring Meeting

  1 May 2025

  Activity: Oral presentation (Speaker)

2024

• Invited keynote inaugural lecture in Psychology at Anahuac University (Mexico) for the start of the 2024/25 academic year

  17 Sep 2024

  Activity: Invited talk (Speaker)

Using this approach, we have provided evidence in favour of , and have shown that the brain regions involved in and those in charge of retrieving it (frontal/posterior temporal) . We have demonstrated that these patterns of lateralisation have in the left and right hemispheres, which , like the Default Mode network.